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Chicago Format for Citations
For additional information and examples consult the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (Z 253 C57 15th ed. 2003 Reference Desk). Online resources with examples are listed at the end of this page. Documenting Within the PaperChicago has two documentation styles. If your professor has not stipulated which to use, check with her/him before you begin. The older style, used mainly in the humanities and history, is the "Notes and Bibliography" system. Here bibliographic information is presented in the accompanying notes, which may be either footnotes contained in the body of the paper, or endnotes grouped together at the end of the paper. Notes contain only the material you cite. The first line of each note is indented two spaces or a quarter of an inch. It is highly recommended that you also provide a bibliography at the end of the paper, listing all works cited as well as other works you read but did not cite.If you use a bibliography, your notes will contain only brief information about the works cited. This combination of notes and bibliography is the preferred system. The newer "Author-Date" system, favored by the social sciences and the sciences, is simpler. Works are documented within the paper by a parenthetical note of the authors' names and the date of publication. A bibliography at the end of the paper provides the complete bibliographic citation. The bibliography must contain all cited works and may contain additional works read but not cited. Organizing the ReferencesThe bibliography for the "Author-Date" system is a single list arranged alphabetically by author. For more detailed information consult sections 16.90 - 16.106 in the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. While this style may be used for the "Notes and Bibliography" system, other arrangements are possible or desirable. These are described in detail in sections 16.71 - 16.89 of the Chicago Manual of Style. Again, consult your professor for his/her preferences. Bibliographic entries use hanging indents ("flush-and-hang") of two spaces or a quarter of an inch. Examples of the Notes and Bibliography SystemBookIn the BibliographyBraudel, Fernand. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2vols., translated by Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. Note in the Paper26. Braudel, Mediterranean World, 2:1080. Chapter or Essay within an Edited BookIn the BibliographyThorne, Rosalind. "The Classical City." In Classical Greece: 500-323 BC, edited by Robin Osborne, 52-80. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Note in the Paper9. Thorne, "Classical City," 78. Journal ArticleIssue numbers are not required, but should be used if present. If you use an issue number, there is no requirement to include a month as part of the date, but you can. In the BibliographyBaldasty, Gerald J. "The Economics of Working-Class Journalism." Journalism History 25, no. 1 (1999): 3-10. Note in the Paper10. Baldasty, "Working-Class Journalism," 8. Journal Article Obtained OnlineCitation style varies slightly based on the source of the article, whether it was obtained from a publisher's website (University of Chicago Press, Elsevier) or an aggregator (The History Cooperative, JSTOR, Academic Search Premier). Items obtained from a publisher site, use the entire URL; articles obtained from an aggregator site, need only the entry level URL. If an article has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) you will use that in place of page numbers. The date of access at the end of the citation is optional. Again, check with your instructor to see if s/he requires it. From a Publisher's WebsiteIn the BibliographyWink, Andre. "From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Medieval History
in Geographic Perspective." Comparative Studies in Society and History 44,
no. 3 (July 2002):416-445. http://journals.cambridge.org/ Note in the Paper44. Wink, "Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean," 420. From a Publisher's Website with DOIsIn the BibliographyRosseau, Constance M. "A Papal Matchmaker: Principle and Pragmatism during
Innocent III's Pontificate." Journal of Medieval History 24,
no. 3 (September 1998), doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00010-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ Note in the Paper105. Rosseau, "Papal Matchmaker," 300-301. From an Aggregator's WebsiteIn the BibliographyWills, John E., Jr. "Maritime Asia, 1500-1800: The Interactive Emergence of European Domination." American Historical Review 98 (1993): 83-105. http://search.ebscohost.com/ (accessed August 30, 2002). Note in the Paper29. Wills, 100. WebsiteInformation needed: Author's name. "Title of the Page." Title or Owner of Site. URL. Use the owner/ name of a website, if an author cannot be determined. Optional: Date of access in parentheses. In the BibliographyInternet East Asian Sourcebook. "The Yin Fu King, or Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and Unseen, c. 800 C.E." http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/800yinfukung.html (accessed September 10, 2003). Note in the Paper116. "The Yin Fu King." Examples of Using Notes OnlyBookFirst-time Note in a Paper26. Fernand Braudel, The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, trans. Sian Reynolds (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), 1: 306-312. Subsequent Citation Notes27. Braudel, Mediterranean World, 2:1080 Chapter or Essay within an Edited BookFirst-time Note in a Paper5. Rosalind Thorne, "The Classical City," in Classical Greece: 500-323 BC, ed. Robin Osborne (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 55. Subsequent Citation Notes9. Thorne, "Classical City," 78. Journal ArticleIssue numbers are not required, but should be used if present. If you use an issue number, there is no requirement to include a month as part of the date, but you can. First-time Note in a Paper10. Gerald J. Baldasty, "The Economics of Working-Class Journalism," Journalism History 25 (1999): 8. Subsequent Citation Notes12. Baldasty, "Working-Class Journalism," 10. Journal Article Obtained OnlineCitation style varies slightly based on the source of the article, whether it was obtained from a publisher's website (University of Chicago Press, Elsevier) or an aggregator (The History Cooperative, JSTOR, Academic Search Premier). Items obtained from a publisher site use the entire URL; articles obtained from an aggregator site need only entry level URL. If an article has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) you will use that in place of page numbers. The date of access at the end of the citation is optional. Again, check with your instructor to see if s/he requires it. From a Publisher's WebsiteFirst-time Note in a Paper44. Andre Wink,"From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Medieval
History in Geographic Perspective," Comparative Studies in Society
and History 44, no. 3 (July 2002):420, http://journals.cambridge.org/ Subsequent Citation Notes47. Wink, "Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean," 425. From a Publisher's Website with DOIsFirst-time Note in a Paper105. Constance M. Rosseau, "A Papal Matchmaker: Principle and Pragmatism
during Innocent III's Pontificate." Journal of Medieval History 24,
no. 3 (September 1998), doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00010-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ Subsequent Citation Notes106. Rosseau, "Papal Matchmaker," 300-301. From an Aggregator's WebsiteFirst-time Note in a Paper25. John E. Wills, Jr., "Maritime Asia, 1500-1800: The Interactive Emergence of European Domination," American Historical Review 98 (1993): 90, http://search.ebscohost.com/. Subsequent Citation Notes29. Wills, 100. WebsiteInformation needed: Author's name, "Title of Website," URL, Optional: Date of access in parentheses. First-time Note in a Paper115. Internet East Asian Sourcebook, "The Yin Fu King, or Classic of the Harmony of the Seen and Unseen, c. 800 C.E.," http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/800yinfukung.html, (accessed September 10, 2003). Subsequent Citation Notes116. "Yin Fu King." Examples of the Author - Date SystemOne major difference between the "Author-Date" and "Notes and Bibliography" systems is the rules of capitalization for titles. In "Notes and Bibliography" all words are capitalized except for articles, prepositions, and connectors; in "Author-Date," only the initial word and proper nouns are capitalized. BookIn the Paper(Braudel 1972, 1:306) Give page number only if you directly quote from a source. In the BibliographyBraudel, Fernand. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean world in the age of Philip II. 2 vols. Translated by Sian Reynolds. New York: Harper & Row. Chapter or Essay within an Edited BookIn the Paper(Thorne 2000) In the BibliographyThorne, Rosalind. 2000. The classical city. In Classical Greece: 500 - 323 BC, edited by Robin Osborne, 52-80. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Journal ArticleIn the Paper(Baldasty 1999) In the BibliographyBaldasty, Gerald J. 1999. The economics of working-class journalism. Journalism History 25(1):3-10. Journal Article Obtained OnlineCitation style varies slightly based on the source of the article, whether it was obtained from a publisher's website (University of Chicago Press, Elsevier) or an aggregator (The History Cooperative, JSTOR, Academic Search Premier). Items obtained from a publisher site, use the entire URL; articles obtained from an aggregator site, need only entry level URL. If an article has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) you will use that in place of page numbers. The date of access at the end of the citation is optional. Again, check with your instructor to see if s/he requires it. From a Publisher's WebsiteIn the Paper(Wink 2002) In the BibliographyWink, Andre. From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Medieval
history in geographic perspective. Comparative Studies in Society
and History 44, no. 3 (July 2002):416-445. http://journals.cambridge.org/ From a Publisher's Website with DOIsIn the Paper(Rosseau 1998, 300-301) In the BibliographyRosseau, Constance M. 1998. A papal matchmaker: principle and pragmatism
during Innocent III's pontificate. Journal of Medieval History 24,
no. 3 (September), doi:10.1016/S0304-4181(98)00010-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ From an Aggregator's WebsiteIn the Paper(Wills 1993) In the BibliographyWills, John E., Jr. (1993) Maritime Asia, 1500-1800: The interactive emergence of European domination. American Historical Review 98:83-105. http://search.ebscohost.com/ (accessed August 30, 2002). WebsiteInformation needed: Author's name. "Title of the Page." Title or Owner of Site. URL. Use the owner/ name of a website, if an author cannot be determined. Optional: Date of access in parentheses. In the Paper(Internet East Asian Sourcebook) In the BibliographyInternet East Asian Sourcebook. The Yin Fu King, or classic of the harmony of the seen and unseen, c. 800 C.E. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/800yinfukung.html. (accessed September 10, 2003). Additional ExamplesThe University of Chicago Press has an FAQ on Chicago style. From the navigation bar on the left, select "Documentation." Diane Hacker's excellent website Research and Documentation Online, includes a section on Chicago style. These examples are not endorsed by the University of Chicago. They are our BEST GUESSES based on the guidelines provided by the 15th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style.
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